Small app, simple state → Zustand or Jotai
Large app, complex state → Redux Toolkit
Heavy server interaction → React Query + light client state
Atomic/granular updates → Jotai

// store/useStore.ts
import { create } from 'zustand'
import { devtools, persist } from 'zustand/middleware'
interface AppState {
  user: User | null
  theme: 'light' | 'dark'
  setUser: (user: User | null) => void
  toggleTheme: () => void
}
export const useStore = create<AppState>()(
  devtools(
    persist(
      (set) => ({
        user: null,
        theme: 'light',
        setUser: (user) => set({ user }),
        toggleTheme: () => set((state) => ({
          theme: state.theme === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light'
        })),
      }),
      { name: 'app-storage' }
    )
  )
)
// Usage in component
function Header() {
  const { user, theme, toggleTheme } = useStore()
  return (
    <header className={theme}>
      {user?.name}
      <button onClick={toggleTheme}>Toggle Theme</button>
    </header>
  )
}

// store/index.ts
import { configureStore } from "@reduxjs/toolkit";
import { TypedUseSelectorHook, useDispatch, useSelector } from "react-redux";
import userReducer from "./slices/userSlice";
import cartReducer from "./slices/cartSlice";
export const store = configureStore({
  reducer: {
    user: userReducer,
    cart: cartReducer,
  },
  middleware: (getDefaultMiddleware) =>
    getDefaultMiddleware({
      serializableCheck: {
        ignoredActions: ["persist/PERSIST"],
      },
    }),
});
export type RootState = ReturnType<typeof store.getState>;
export type AppDispatch = typeof store.dispatch;
// Typed hooks
export const useAppDispatch: () => AppDispatch = useDispatch;
export const useAppSelector: TypedUseSelectorHook<RootState> = useSelector;

// store/slices/userSlice.ts
import { createSlice, createAsyncThunk, PayloadAction } from "@reduxjs/toolkit";
interface User {
  id: string;
  email: string;
  name: string;
}
interface UserState {
  current: User | null;
  status: "idle" | "loading" | "succeeded" | "failed";
  error: string | null;
}
const initialState: UserState = {
  current: null,
  status: "idle",
  error: null,
};
export const fetchUser = createAsyncThunk(
  "user/fetchUser",
  async (userId: string, { rejectWithValue }) => {
    try {
      const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`);
      if (!response.ok) throw new Error("Failed to fetch user");
      return await response.json();
    } catch (error) {
      return rejectWithValue((error as Error).message);
    }
  },
);
const userSlice = createSlice({
  name: "user",
  initialState,
  reducers: {
    setUser: (state, action: PayloadAction<User>) => {
      state.current = action.payload;
      state.status = "succeeded";
    },
    clearUser: (state) => {
      state.current = null;
      state.status = "idle";
    },
  },
  extraReducers: (builder) => {
    builder
      .addCase(fetchUser.pending, (state) => {
        state.status = "loading";
        state.error = null;
      })
      .addCase(fetchUser.fulfilled, (state, action) => {
        state.status = "succeeded";
        state.current = action.payload;
      })
      .addCase(fetchUser.rejected, (state, action) => {
        state.status = "failed";
        state.error = action.payload as string;
      });
  },
});
export const { setUser, clearUser } = userSlice.actions;
export default userSlice.reducer;

// store/slices/createUserSlice.ts
import { StateCreator } from "zustand";
export interface UserSlice {
  user: User | null;
  isAuthenticated: boolean;
  login: (credentials: Credentials) => Promise<void>;
  logout: () => void;
}
export const createUserSlice: StateCreator<
  UserSlice & CartSlice, // Combined store type
  [],
  [],
  UserSlice
> = (set, get) => ({
  user: null,
  isAuthenticated: false,
  login: async (credentials) => {
    const user = await authApi.login(credentials);
    set({ user, isAuthenticated: true });
  },
  logout: () => {
    set({ user: null, isAuthenticated: false });
    // Can access other slices
    // get().clearCart()
  },
});
// store/index.ts
import { create } from "zustand";
import { createUserSlice, UserSlice } from "./slices/createUserSlice";
import { createCartSlice, CartSlice } from "./slices/createCartSlice";
type StoreState = UserSlice & CartSlice;
export const useStore = create<StoreState>()((...args) => ({
  ...createUserSlice(...args),
  ...createCartSlice(...args),
}));
// Selective subscriptions (prevents unnecessary re-renders)
export const useUser = () => useStore((state) => state.user);
export const useCart = () => useStore((state) => state.cart);

// atoms/userAtoms.ts
import { atom } from 'jotai'
import { atomWithStorage } from 'jotai/utils'
// Basic atom
export const userAtom = atom<User | null>(null)
// Derived atom (computed)
export const isAuthenticatedAtom = atom((get) => get(userAtom) !== null)
// Atom with localStorage persistence
export const themeAtom = atomWithStorage<'light' | 'dark'>('theme', 'light')
// Async atom
export const userProfileAtom = atom(async (get) => {
  const user = get(userAtom)
  if (!user) return null
  const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${user.id}/profile`)
  return response.json()
})
// Write-only atom (action)
export const logoutAtom = atom(null, (get, set) => {
  set(userAtom, null)
  set(cartAtom, [])
  localStorage.removeItem('token')
})
// Usage
function Profile() {
  const [user] = useAtom(userAtom)
  const [, logout] = useAtom(logoutAtom)
  const [profile] = useAtom(userProfileAtom) // Suspense-enabled
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<Skeleton />}>
      <ProfileContent profile={profile} onLogout={logout} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

// hooks/useUsers.ts
import { useQuery, useMutation, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
// Query keys factory
export const userKeys = {
  all: ["users"] as const,
  lists: () => [...userKeys.all, "list"] as const,
  list: (filters: UserFilters) => [...userKeys.lists(), filters] as const,
  details: () => [...userKeys.all, "detail"] as const,
  detail: (id: string) => [...userKeys.details(), id] as const,
};
// Fetch hook
export function useUsers(filters: UserFilters) {
  return useQuery({
    queryKey: userKeys.list(filters),
    queryFn: () => fetchUsers(filters),
    staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000, // 5 minutes
    gcTime: 30 * 60 * 1000, // 30 minutes (formerly cacheTime)
  });
}
// Single user hook
export function useUser(id: string) {
  return useQuery({
    queryKey: userKeys.detail(id),
    queryFn: () => fetchUser(id),
    enabled: !!id, // Don't fetch if no id
  });
}
// Mutation with optimistic update
export function useUpdateUser() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
  return useMutation({
    mutationFn: updateUser,
    onMutate: async (newUser) => {
      // Cancel outgoing refetches
      await queryClient.cancelQueries({
        queryKey: userKeys.detail(newUser.id),
      });
      // Snapshot previous value
      const previousUser = queryClient.getQueryData(
        userKeys.detail(newUser.id),
      );
      // Optimistically update
      queryClient.setQueryData(userKeys.detail(newUser.id), newUser);
      return { previousUser };
    },
    onError: (err, newUser, context) => {
      // Rollback on error
      queryClient.setQueryData(
        userKeys.detail(newUser.id),
        context?.previousUser,
      );
    },
    onSettled: (data, error, variables) => {
      // Refetch after mutation
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({
        queryKey: userKeys.detail(variables.id),
      });
    },
  });
}

// Zustand for client state
const useUIStore = create<UIState>((set) => ({
  sidebarOpen: true,
  modal: null,
  toggleSidebar: () => set((s) => ({ sidebarOpen: !s.sidebarOpen })),
  openModal: (modal) => set({ modal }),
  closeModal: () => set({ modal: null }),
}))
// React Query for server state
function Dashboard() {
  const { sidebarOpen, toggleSidebar } = useUIStore()
  const { data: users, isLoading } = useUsers({ active: true })
  const { data: stats } = useStats()
  if (isLoading) return <DashboardSkeleton />
  return (
    <div className={sidebarOpen ? 'with-sidebar' : ''}>
      <Sidebar open={sidebarOpen} onToggle={toggleSidebar} />
      <main>
        <StatsCards stats={stats} />
        <UserTable users={users} />
      </main>
    </div>
  )
}

// Before (legacy Redux)
const ADD_TODO = "ADD_TODO";
const addTodo = (text) => ({ type: ADD_TODO, payload: text });
function todosReducer(state = [], action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case ADD_TODO:
      return [...state, { text: action.payload, completed: false }];
    default:
      return state;
  }
}
// After (Redux Toolkit)
const todosSlice = createSlice({
  name: "todos",
  initialState: [],
  reducers: {
    addTodo: (state, action: PayloadAction<string>) => {
      // Immer allows "mutations"
      state.push({ text: action.payload, completed: false });
    },
  },
});