Standard Solana Transaction Path:
User → RPC → Leader Validator → Block
 
Jito Bundle Path:
User → Jito Block Engine → Jito Relayer → Leader Validator → Block
 
Key difference: Bundles go through Jito's infrastructure,
which sequences them to prevent MEV extraction.

import {
  ComputeBudgetProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from '@solana/web3.js';
// Add priority fee to transaction
function addPriorityFee(
  transaction: Transaction,
  microLamports: number,
  computeUnits: number = 200_000
): Transaction {
  // Set compute unit limit
  const computeLimitIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({
    units: computeUnits,
  });
  // Set compute unit price (priority fee)
  const computePriceIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({
    microLamports: microLamports, // micro-lamports per compute unit
  });
  // Prepend to transaction
  transaction.instructions = [
    computeLimitIx,
    computePriceIx,
    ...transaction.instructions,
  ];
  return transaction;
}
// Calculate fee in SOL:
// fee = (microLamports * computeUnits) / 1_000_000_000_000
// Example: 10,000 microLamports * 200,000 CU = 0.000002 SOL

import { Connection, Keypair, Transaction, VersionedTransaction } from '@solana/web3.js';
// Jito endpoints
const JITO_ENDPOINTS = {
  mainnet: {
    blockEngine: 'https://mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf',
    // Regional endpoints for lower latency:
    // ny: 'https://ny.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
    // amsterdam: 'https://amsterdam.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
    // frankfurt: 'https://frankfurt.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
    // tokyo: 'https://tokyo.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
  },
};
// Jito tip accounts (rotate through these)
const JITO_TIP_ACCOUNTS = [
  '96gYZGLnJYVFmbjzopPSU6QiEV5fGqZNyN9nmNhvrZU5',
  'HFqU5x63VTqvQss8hp11i4wVV8bD44PvwucfZ2bU7gRe',
  'Cw8CFyM9FkoMi7K7Crf6HNQqf4uEMzpKw6QNghXLvLkY',
  'ADaUMid9yfUytqMBgopwjb2DTLSokTSzL1zt6iGPaS49',
  'DfXygSm4jCyNCybVYYK6DwvWqjKee8pbDmJGcLWNDXjh',
  'ADuUkR4vqLUMWXxW9gh6D6L8pMSawimctcNZ5pGwDcEt',
  'DttWaMuVvTiduZRnguLF7jNxTgiMBZ1hyAumKUiL2KRL',
  '3AVi9Tg9Uo68tJfuvoKvqKNWKkC5wPdSSdeBnizKZ6jT',
];
// Create tip instruction
function createTipInstruction(
  fromPubkey: PublicKey,
  tipLamports: number
): TransactionInstruction {
  const tipAccount = new PublicKey(
    JITO_TIP_ACCOUNTS[Math.floor(Math.random() * JITO_TIP_ACCOUNTS.length)]
  );
  return SystemProgram.transfer({
    fromPubkey,
    toPubkey: tipAccount,
    lamports: tipLamports,
  });
}
// Send bundle to Jito
async function sendJitoBundle(
  transactions: (Transaction | VersionedTransaction)[],
  tipLamports: number,
  payer: Keypair
): Promise<string> {
  // Serialize transactions
  const serializedTxs = transactions.map((tx) => {
    if (tx instanceof VersionedTransaction) {
      return Buffer.from(tx.serialize()).toString('base64');
    }
    return Buffer.from(tx.serialize()).toString('base64');
  });
  // Send to Jito block engine
  const response = await fetch(
    `${JITO_ENDPOINTS.mainnet.blockEngine}/api/v1/bundles`,
    {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        jsonrpc: '2.0',
        id: 1,
        method: 'sendBundle',
        params: [serializedTxs],
      }),
    }
  );
  const result = await response.json();
  if (result.error) {
    throw new Error(`Bundle failed: ${result.error.message}`);
  }
  return result.result; // Bundle ID
}
// Check bundle status
async function checkBundleStatus(bundleId: string): Promise<any> {
  const response = await fetch(
    `${JITO_ENDPOINTS.mainnet.blockEngine}/api/v1/bundles`,
    {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        jsonrpc: '2.0',
        id: 1,
        method: 'getBundleStatuses',
        params: [[bundleId]],
      }),
    }
  );
  return response.json();
}

// Dynamic tip calculation based on expected value
function calculateTip(
  expectedProfitLamports: number,
  urgency: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high' | 'critical'
): number {
  const urgencyMultiplier = {
    low: 0.01,      // 1% of profit
    medium: 0.05,   // 5% of profit
    high: 0.10,     // 10% of profit
    critical: 0.20, // 20% of profit
  };
  const baseTip = expectedProfitLamports * urgencyMultiplier[urgency];
  // Floor and ceiling
  const minTip = 10_000; // 0.00001 SOL
  const maxTip = 100_000_000; // 0.1 SOL
  return Math.max(minTip, Math.min(maxTip, Math.floor(baseTip)));
}
// Typical tip ranges:
// - Simple swap protection: 0.0001 - 0.001 SOL
// - Competitive arb: 0.001 - 0.01 SOL
// - High-value arb: 1-10% of profit
// - NFT mint: 0.01 - 0.1 SOL during peak

// Example: Protected swap with tip
async function protectedSwap(
  swapIx: TransactionInstruction[],
  payer: Keypair,
  connection: Connection
): Promise<string> {
  // Create swap transaction
  const swapTx = new Transaction();
  swapTx.add(...swapIx);
  // Add priority fee for backup
  addPriorityFee(swapTx, 10_000, 400_000);
  // Create tip transaction (separate tx in bundle)
  const tipTx = new Transaction();
  tipTx.add(createTipInstruction(payer.publicKey, 100_000)); // 0.0001 SOL
  // Get recent blockhash
  const { blockhash } = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();
  swapTx.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
  tipTx.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
  swapTx.feePayer = payer.publicKey;
  tipTx.feePayer = payer.publicKey;
  // Sign both
  swapTx.sign(payer);
  tipTx.sign(payer);
  // Bundle: [swap, tip] - tip goes last
  // If swap fails, tip doesn't execute (atomic)
  const bundleId = await sendJitoBundle([swapTx, tipTx], 100_000, payer);
  return bundleId;
}

async function sendBundleWithRetry(
  transactions: Transaction[],
  tipLamports: number,
  payer: Keypair,
  maxRetries: number = 5
): Promise<{ success: boolean; signature?: string; attempts: number }> {
  for (let attempt = 1; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
    try {
      const bundleId = await sendJitoBundle(transactions, tipLamports, payer);
      // Wait for result
      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 500));
      const status = await checkBundleStatus(bundleId);
      if (status.result?.value?.[0]?.confirmation_status === 'confirmed') {
        return {
          success: true,
          signature: status.result.value[0].transactions[0],
          attempts: attempt,
        };
      }
      // Bundle not landed, retry with higher tip
      tipLamports = Math.floor(tipLamports * 1.5);
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(`Attempt ${attempt} failed:`, error);
    }
    // Small delay between retries
    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 100));
  }
  return { success: false, attempts: maxRetries };
}

interface FeeStrategy {
  scenario: string;
  priorityFee: number; // micro-lamports
  jitoTip: number; // lamports
  useBundle: boolean;
}
const strategies: FeeStrategy[] = [
  {
    scenario: 'Normal dApp interaction',
    priorityFee: 10_000,
    jitoTip: 0,
    useBundle: false,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'Time-sensitive but not MEV-exposed',
    priorityFee: 50_000,
    jitoTip: 0,
    useBundle: false,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'DEX swap (MEV protection)',
    priorityFee: 10_000,
    jitoTip: 50_000,
    useBundle: true,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'Arbitrage',
    priorityFee: 10_000,
    jitoTip: 'dynamic (% of profit)',
    useBundle: true,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'NFT mint (competitive)',
    priorityFee: 200_000,
    jitoTip: 1_000_000,
    useBundle: true,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'Liquidation',
    priorityFee: 100_000,
    jitoTip: 500_000,
    useBundle: true,
  },
];

const infraConfig = {
  // Primary RPC for reads
  rpcRead: process.env.RPC_READ_URL,
  // RPC for non-Jito sends
  rpcSend: process.env.RPC_SEND_URL,
  // Jito for bundles
  jito: {
    blockEngine: process.env.JITO_BLOCK_ENGINE,
    // Use regional endpoint closest to you
    region: 'ny', // ny, amsterdam, frankfurt, tokyo
  },
  // Fallback strategy
  fallback: {
    onJitoFailure: 'retry_with_rpc', // or 'fail_fast'
    maxJitoRetries: 3,
    priorityFeeEscalation: 1.5, // multiply on each retry
  },
};

import { ComputeBudgetProgram, Transaction } from '@solana/web3.js';
// Your existing swap instruction
const swapIx = /* ... your Jupiter/Raydium swap instruction ... */;
// Create transaction with priority fee
const tx = new Transaction();
// 1. Set compute limit (estimate or use 400k for swaps)
tx.add(
  ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ units: 400_000 })
);
// 2. Set priority fee (50k microlamports = ~0.00002 SOL for 400k CU)
tx.add(
  ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({ microLamports: 50_000 })
);
// 3. Add your swap instruction
tx.add(swapIx);
// Total additional cost: ~0.00002 SOL
// Should land within 1-2 slots during normal conditions

// See examples/jito-arb-bot.ts for full implementation
// Key components:
class JitoArbBot {
  private jitoClient: JitoClient;
  private minProfitLamports = 50_000; // 0.00005 SOL minimum
  async executeArb(
    buyIx: TransactionInstruction[],
    sellIx: TransactionInstruction[],
    expectedProfitLamports: number
  ): Promise<ArbResult> {
    // Don't execute if profit too low after tip
    const tip = this.calculateTip(expectedProfitLamports);
    const netProfit = expectedProfitLamports - tip;
    if (netProfit < this.minProfitLamports) {
      return { executed: false, reason: 'Profit below threshold after tip' };
    }
    // Build atomic bundle:
    // Tx 1: Buy
    // Tx 2: Sell
    // Tx 3: Tip (only executes if buy+sell succeed)
    const bundle = await this.buildArbBundle(buyIx, sellIx, tip);
    // Send with retry
    const result = await this.sendBundleWithRetry(bundle, tip);
    return {
      executed: result.success,
      signature: result.signature,
      expectedProfit: expectedProfitLamports,
      actualTip: tip,
      netProfit: netProfit,
    };
  }
  private calculateTip(profitLamports: number): number {
    // Dynamic tip: 5% of profit, min 10k lamports, max 1 SOL
    return Math.max(
      10_000,
      Math.min(1_000_000_000, Math.floor(profitLamports * 0.05))
    );
  }
}