version: "1.0.2" name: cloudflare-images description: "This skill should be used when the user asks to \"upload images to Cloudflare\", \"implement direct creator upload\", \"configure image transformations\", \"optimize WebP/AVIF\", \"create image variants\", \"generate signed URLs\", \"add image watermarks\", \"integrate with Next.js/Remix\", \"configure webhooks\", \"debug CORS errors\", \"troubleshoot error 5408/9401-9413\", or \"build responsive images with Cloudflare Images API\"." license: MIT metadata: version: "3.0.0" last_verified: "2025-12-27" workers_types_version: "4.20260408.0" typescript_version: "5.7.2" wrangler_version: "4.81.0" production_tested: true token_savings: "~65%" errors_prevented: 10 templates_included: 16 references_included: 16 agents_included: 3 commands_included: 3 examples_included: 3 diagrams_included: 3 scripts_included: 5 keywords:

• cloudflare images
• image upload cloudflare
• imagedelivery.net
• cloudflare image transformations
• /cdn-cgi/image/
• direct creator upload
• image variants
• cf.image workers
• signed urls images
• flexible variants
• webp avif conversion
• responsive images cloudflare
• error 5408
• error 9401
• error 9403
• CORS direct upload
• multipart/form-data
• image optimization cloudflare
• image watermarks
• webhooks images
• nextjs cloudflare images
• remix cloudflare images
• custom domains images
• content credentials
• c2pa

Cloudflare Images

Status: Production Ready ✅ | Version: 3.0.0 | Last Verified: 2025-12-27

What Is Cloudflare Images?

Two powerful features:

1. Images API: Upload, store, serve images globally
2. Image Transformations: Resize/optimize ANY image

Key benefits:

• Global CDN delivery
• Automatic WebP/AVIF conversion
• Up to 100 variants
• Direct creator upload (no API keys in frontend)
• Signed URLs for private images
• Transform any image via URL or Workers

Quick Start (5 Minutes)

1. Enable Cloudflare Images

Dashboard → Images → Enable

Get your Account ID and create API token (Cloudflare Images: Edit permission)

2. Upload Image

curl --request POST \
  --url https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/<ACCOUNT_ID>/images/v1 \
  --header 'Authorization: Bearer <API_TOKEN>' \
  --header 'Content-Type: multipart/form-data' \
  --form 'file=@./image.jpg'

CRITICAL: Use multipart/form-data, not JSON

3. Serve Image

<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/<ACCOUNT_HASH>/<IMAGE_ID>/public" />

4. Enable Transformations

Dashboard → Images → Transformations → Enable for zone

Transform ANY image:

<img src="/cdn-cgi/image/width=800,quality=85/uploads/photo.jpg" />

5. Transform via Workers

export default {
  async fetch(request: Request): Promise<Response> {
    return fetch("https://example.com/image.jpg", {
      cf: {
        image: {
          width: 800,
          quality: 85,
          format: "auto"  // WebP/AVIF
        }
      }
    });
  }
};

Load `references/setup-guide.md` for complete walkthrough.

The 3 Core Features

Feature 1: Images API (Upload & Storage)

Upload methods:

1. File upload (server-side)
2. Upload via URL (ingest from external)
3. Direct creator upload (user uploads, no API keys)

Load `templates/upload-api-basic.ts` for file upload example. Load `references/direct-upload-complete-workflow.md` for user uploads.

Feature 2: Image Transformations

Optimize ANY image (uploaded or external).

Methods:

1. URL: /cdn-cgi/image/width=800,quality=85/path/to/image.jpg
2. Workers: cf.image fetch option

Load `references/transformation-options.md` for all options. Load `templates/transform-via-workers.ts` for Workers example.

Feature 3: Variants

Predefined transformations (up to 100).

Examples:

• thumbnail: 200x200, fit=cover
• hero: 1920x1080, quality=90
• mobile: 640, quality=75

Load `references/variants-guide.md` for complete guide.

Critical Rules

Always Do ✅

1. Use multipart/form-data for uploads (not JSON)
2. Enable transformations for zones before using /cdn-cgi/image/
3. Use direct creator upload for user uploads (don't expose API tokens)
4. Set CORS headers for direct uploads from browser
5. Use signed URLs for private images
6. Configure variants for common sizes (avoid dynamic transformations)
7. Use format=auto for automatic WebP/AVIF
8. Handle error codes (9401, 9403, 9413, 5408)
9. Set quality=85 for optimal size/quality balance
10. Use fit=cover for consistent aspect ratios

Never Do ❌

1. Never expose API tokens in frontend code
2. Never use JSON encoding for file uploads
3. Never skip CORS configuration for direct uploads
4. Never exceed 100 variants (hard limit)
5. Never use transformations without enabling for zone
6. Never hardcode account IDs in public code
7. Never skip error handling (uploads can fail)
8. Never use quality >90 (diminishing returns)
9. Never skip image validation (size, format, dimensions)
10. Never use transformations on non-proxied requests

Top 2 Use Cases

Use Case 1: User Profile Pictures

Direct creator upload pattern for user-uploaded images:

// Backend: Generate upload URL
const response = await fetch(
  `https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/${ACCOUNT_ID}/images/v2/direct_upload`,
  { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Authorization': `Bearer ${API_TOKEN}` } }
);
const { result } = await response.json();
return Response.json({ uploadURL: result.uploadURL });
// Frontend: Upload file
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('file', file);
await fetch(uploadURL, { method: 'POST', body: formData });

Load `templates/direct-creator-upload-backend.ts` for complete example. See `examples/basic-upload/` for complete working project.

Use Case 2: Responsive Images

Responsive images with srcset for optimal performance:

<img
  srcset="
    https://imagedelivery.net/abc/xyz/width=400 400w,
    https://imagedelivery.net/abc/xyz/width=800 800w,
    https://imagedelivery.net/abc/xyz/width=1200 1200w
  "
  sizes="(max-width: 600px) 400px, (max-width: 1000px) 800px, 1200px"
  src="https://imagedelivery.net/abc/xyz/width=800"
/>

Load `templates/responsive-images-srcset.html` for complete example. See `examples/responsive-gallery/` for complete working project.

Additional Use Cases:

• Transform Existing Images: Load references/transformation-options.md
• Private Images: Load references/signed-urls-guide.md or see examples/private-images/
• Batch Upload: Load templates/batch-upload.ts
• Framework Integration: Load references/framework-integration.md for Next.js, Remix, Astro
• Watermarking: Load references/overlays-watermarks.md and templates/overlay-watermark.ts
• Custom Domains: Load references/custom-domains.md
• Webhooks: Load references/webhooks-guide.md and templates/webhook-handler.ts

Top 2 Errors Prevented

Error 1: CORS Issues with Direct Upload

Problem: Browser blocks direct upload from your domain.

Solution: Configure CORS headers when generating upload URL:

const response = await fetch(
  `https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/${ACCOUNT_ID}/images/v2/direct_upload`,
  {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Authorization': `Bearer ${API_TOKEN}` },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      requireSignedURLs: false,
      metadata: { source: 'user-upload' }
    })
  }
);

Error 2: Multipart Form Data Encoding

Problem: JSON encoding fails for file uploads (must use multipart/form-data).

Solution:

// ✅ CORRECT
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('file', file);
await fetch(uploadURL, { method: 'POST', body: formData });
// ❌ WRONG
const json = JSON.stringify({ file: base64File });

Additional Common Errors:

• Error 9401 (Transformations not enabled): Load references/top-errors.md
• Error 9403 (Invalid transformation): Load references/top-errors.md
• Error 9413 (Variant limit exceeded): Load references/top-errors.md
• Error 5408 (Upload timeout): Load references/top-errors.md
• Missing requireSignedURLs: Load references/signed-urls-guide.md

Load `references/top-errors.md` for all 10 errors with complete solutions.

When to Load References

Core References

Load `references/setup-guide.md` when:

• First-time Cloudflare Images setup
• Need step-by-step walkthrough

Load `references/api-reference.md` when:

• Need complete API documentation
• All endpoints and parameters

Load `references/top-errors.md` when:

• Encountering any error code (5408, 9401-9413)
• Troubleshooting upload/transformation issues

Upload References

Load `references/direct-upload-complete-workflow.md` when:

• Implementing user uploads
• Need frontend + backend example
• Configuring CORS

Load `references/signed-urls-guide.md` when:

• Implementing private images with access control
• Need HMAC-SHA256 signature generation

Load `references/webhooks-guide.md` when:

• Processing upload completion events
• Implementing webhook handlers with signature verification

Transformation References

Load `references/transformation-options.md` when:

• Need complete transformation reference
• Exploring all fit/format/effect options

Load `references/format-optimization.md` when:

• Optimizing format selection (WebP/AVIF)
• Quality vs size tradeoffs

Load `references/polish-compression.md` when:

• Need details on Lossless/Lossy/WebP compression modes
• Metadata handling (EXIF removal)

Load `references/overlays-watermarks.md` when:

• Adding text or logo watermarks
• Implementing branding/copyright protection

Advanced Features

Load `references/variants-guide.md` when:

• Creating/managing variants (up to 100 max)
• Need flexible variants vs named variants

Load `references/responsive-images-patterns.md` when:

• Building responsive images with srcset
• Implementing picture element for art direction

Load `references/framework-integration.md` when:

• Integrating with Next.js, Remix, Astro, SvelteKit
• Need framework-specific patterns and loaders

Load `references/custom-domains.md` when:

• Serving images from branded domains
• CNAME configuration and SSL setup

Load `references/content-credentials.md` when:

• Preserving EXIF/IPTC metadata
• Implementing C2PA Content Credentials for authenticity

Load `references/sourcing-kit.md` when:

• Migrating from Cloudinary, Imgix, or S3
• Bulk import from external CDNs

Using Bundled Resources

References (16 reference files)

Core: setup-guide.md, api-reference.md, top-errors.md

Upload: direct-upload-complete-workflow.md, signed-urls-guide.md, webhooks-guide.md

Transform: transformation-options.md, format-optimization.md, polish-compression.md, overlays-watermarks.md

Advanced: variants-guide.md, responsive-images-patterns.md, framework-integration.md, custom-domains.md, content-credentials.md, sourcing-kit.md

Templates (16 template files)

Upload: upload-api-basic.ts, upload-via-url.ts, direct-creator-upload-backend.ts, direct-creator-upload-frontend.html, batch-upload.ts

Transform: transform-via-url.ts, transform-via-workers.ts, overlay-watermark.ts

Variants: variants-management.ts, signed-urls-generation.ts, responsive-images-srcset.html

Integration: nextjs-integration.tsx, remix-integration.tsx, webhook-handler.ts

Config: wrangler-images-binding.jsonc, package.json

Agents (3 autonomous agents)

• troubleshooting-agent - Diagnose upload/transformation errors (5408, 9401-9413)
• upload-workflow-agent - Guide complete upload implementation (frontend + backend)
• optimization-agent - Recommend image optimization strategies

Use: /agent <agent-name> or let Claude auto-detect when relevant

Commands (3 slash commands)

• /check-images - Quick API health check and configuration validation
• /validate-config - Validate wrangler.jsonc bindings and configuration
• /generate-variant - Interactive variant generator

Use: /<command-name>

Examples (3 complete working projects)

• basic-upload/ - Minimal upload implementation with Hono + Workers
• responsive-gallery/ - Responsive image gallery with srcset and lazy loading
• private-images/ - Signed URLs with time-based expiry and access control

Clone and run: cd examples/<example-name> && npm install && npm run dev

Architecture Diagrams (3 diagrams)

• direct-upload-workflow.md - Sequence diagram of direct creator upload flow
• transformation-pipeline.md - Flowchart showing transformation processing
• variants-structure.md - Named vs flexible variants comparison

View in: assets/diagrams/

Utility Scripts (5 scripts)

• test-upload.sh - Test API connectivity with sample image upload
• generate-signed-url.sh - CLI tool to generate signed URLs with expiry
• validate-variants.sh - List all variants and check variant count (max 100)
• analyze-usage.sh - Query API for storage usage and estimated costs
• check-versions.sh - Verify package versions are current

Run: ./scripts/<script-name>.sh (requires CF_ACCOUNT_ID and CF_API_TOKEN in .env)

Pricing

Images API: $5/100k stored, $1/100k delivered Transformations: $0.50/1k (100k/month free per zone) Direct Upload: Included in API pricing

Official Documentation

• Images Overview: https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/
• Upload API: https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/upload-images/
• Transformations: https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/transform-images/
• Direct Creator Upload: https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/upload-images/direct-creator-upload/
• Variants: https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/manage-images/create-variants/